Land Reforms In India

'Land Reform', it means to ensure fair and equitable distribution of land ownership, that is, to organize the land-holdings in such a way that it can be used to its maximum. Land is a basic natural and limited resource. Before the British rule, that is, in the Mughal period, no one had full ownership of the land. All the classes belonging to the land had rights over the land. The cultivator was protected by tenancy only so long as he continued to pay a mutually fixed share (grain share) to the owner.Various British policies were made in colonial rule to fulfill their economic interests and the main objective of British rule was to earn maximum profit, so they started many land revenue systems, such as Zamindari system, Ryotwari system and Mahalwari. Arrangement The basic objective of all these was to collect maximum revenue.  Thus, due to the prevailing policies and arrangements, there was an imbalanced distribution of land ownership. To over come this imbalance and to break the exploitative economic relations, the need for land reform was felt. Efforts were made to increase agricultural productivity and ensure social justice through land reforms. Apart from this, creating new employment opportunities under land reforms, promoting agricultural participation in economic activities and effective and efficient use of land Efforts were made to fulfill the objective of doing land reforms. The objective of land reform is to improve the factors of production in the agricultural sector as per the requirement, so that agricultural productivity can be maximized. Productivity in the agricultural sector mainly depends on two factors.

1. Institutional Reforms:- 

This includes the elimination of the middle class through  zamindari, redistribution of land ownership in the interest of the farmers,improvement in the size of the farms and redistribution of surplus land among the landless in case of land holding beyond a limit through ceiling. Is. Also, through consolidation, the collection of scattered small pieces of land in one place, promotion of cooperative agriculture and community agriculture, preventing sub-division and fragmentation of fields, protection of land holding rights, reduction in rent, Granting land ownership to tenants etc. is also an important part of institutional reform.

• Abolition of Zamindari System end of mediators 
• Transfer of land 
• Ownership to farmers 
• Improvement in the size of farms
• Consolidation, demarcation 
• Promoting cooperative and community agriculture 
• Preventing subdivision and fragmentation of fields 
• Reduction in rent 
• Protect land holding rights

2. Technical Reforms:- 

Technological improvements include improved varieties of seeds, organic fertilizers and pesticides, weedicides, better irrigation systems, energy, credit/finance systems, storage facilities, marketing, improved agricultural methods and techniques. But these technological reforms cannot be effective without institutional reforms, so in the first phase of land reforms in India, priority was given to institutional reforms and then in the second phase, giving priority to technological reforms, there is a need to achieve wider prospects and growth in the agriculture sector. 

• Modernization of agriculture  
• Improved quality seeds 
• Improved Fertilizers and Pesticides 
• Better irrigation system 
• Use of advanced equipment and techniques 
• Good storage system 
• Good marketing system